As outlined in the 1868 Treaty, the agency staff was responsible for issuing weekly rations to the Oglala, and providing the annually distributed supply of cash and annuity goods. In 1871, the government established the Red Cloud Agency on the Platte River, downstream from Fort Laramie. In 1870, Red Cloud visited Washington D.C., and met with Commissioner of Indian Affairs Ely S. Uneasy relations between the expanding United States and the natives continued. The treaty established the Great Sioux Reservation, covering the territory of West River, west of the Missouri River in present-day Nebraska (which had been admitted as a state in 1867), and including parts of South Dakota. Red Cloud, in the Great Hall of the Cooper Institute, surrounded by the Indian delegation of braves and squaws, addressing a New York audience on the wrongs done to his people agreed to abandon its forts and withdraw completely from Lakota territory. The Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, Arapaho, and other bands settled for peace with the U.S. Finding that the Native Americans had been provoked by white encroachment and competition for resources, the commission recommended assigning definite territories to the Plains tribes. peace commission toured the Plains in 1867 to gather information to help bring about peace among the tribes and with the U.S. Combined Native American forces suffered only 14 casualties, while they killed the entire 81-man U.S. Fetterman and his troops followed the decoy into an ambush by more than 2,000 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho. The decoy was the prominent warrior Crazy Horse. They disobeyed orders to stay behind the Lodge Trail Ridge and pursued a small decoy band of warriors, led by a Native American on an apparently injured horse. Captain Frederick Brown accompanied Fetterman the two were confident in their troops and anxious to go to battle with the Native Americans. Fetterman was sent from Fort Phil Kearny with two civilians and 79 cavalry and infantrymen to chase away a small Native American war party that had attacked a wood-gathering party days before. At a young age, Red Cloud fought against neighboring Pawnee and Crow bands, gaining much war experience.Ĭaptain William J. He brought Red Cloud into the Smoke household when the boy's parents died around 1825.
Old Chief Smoke played a major role in the boy's childhood, as the leader of the Bad Faces. They came from two of the seven major Lakota divisions.Īs was traditional among the matrilineal Lakota, in which the children belonged to the mother's clan and people, Red Cloud was mentored as a boy by his maternal uncle, Old Chief Smoke (1774–1864). His mother, Walks as She Thinks, was an Oglala Lakota and his father, Lone Man, was a Brulé Lakota leader. Red Cloud was born close to the forks of the Platte River, near the modern-day city of North Platte, Nebraska. Bands among the Oglala and other divisions operated independently, though some individual leaders were renowned as warriors and highly respected as leaders, such as Red Cloud. Some of his opponents mistakenly thought of him as the overall leader of the Sioux groups (Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota), but the large tribe had several major divisions and was highly decentralized. The largest action of the war was the Fetterman Fight, with 81 US soldiers killed it was the worst military defeat suffered by the US Army on the Great Plains until the Battle of the Little Bighorn 10 years later.Īfter signing the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), Red Cloud led his people in the important transition to reservation life. He defeated the United States during Red Cloud's War, which was a fight over control of the Powder River Country in northeastern Wyoming and southern Montana.
He was one of the most capable Native American opponents whom the United States Army faced in the western territories. Red Cloud ( Lakota: Maȟpíya Lúta) (born 1822 – December 10, 1909) was one of the most important leaders of the Oglala Lakota from 1868 to 1909. Most photographed American Indian of the nineteenth century
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